I. Scriptures referring to "hell"

    A. Greek word gehenna -
         1. From Heb. gehinnom, meaning "valley of Hinnom"
             a. II Chron. 28:3; II Kgs. 23:10; Josh. 15:8; 18:16
             b. Valley of Hinnom used for pagan rites - II Kgs 23:10; II Chron. 28:3
             c. Jeremiah prophesied God's judgment there - Jere. 19:6
             d. Came to refer to place of judgment, or hell
         2. New Testament differentiates between hades as intermediate place of the dead, and
                 gehenna as the place of final judgment.
         3. KJV, RSV, NASB translate as "hell," whereas many others transliterate as "Gehenna"
         4. New Testament usages
              Matt. 5:22 - "guilty enough to go into hell of fire"
              Matt. 5:29 - "your whole body to be thrown into hell"
              Matt. 5:30 - "your whole body to be thrown into hell"
              Matt. 10:28 - "fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell"
              Matt. 18:9 - "to be cast into the hell of fire"
              Matt. 23:15 - "Pharisees..twice as much a son of hell as yourselves"
              Matt. 23:33 - "how shall you escape the sentence of hell"
              Mk. 9:43 - "to go into hell...unquenchable fire"
              Mk. 9:45 - "to be cast into hell"
              Mk. 9:47 - "to be cast into hell"
              James 3:6 - "tongue...is set on fire by hell"
    B. Greek word tartaroo
         1. Derived from Greek Tartaros
             a. Greek mythology regarded as lowest place where Titans imprisoned.
             b. Job 41:20; Prov. 30:16
         2. New Testament usage
             II Pet. 2:4 - "cast them into hell...pits of darkness, reserved for judgment"

II. Nature of "hell"

    A. Physical and sensory pictures - fire, smoke, worms, darkness, bottomless pit,
          gnashing teeth, etc.
    B. Psychological pain and unpleasantness - weeping, anguish, misery, torment, fear,
          terror, etc.
    C. Spiritual implications
         1. Experience of God's wrath
         2. Separation from God
         3. Absence of character of God
         4. Contradiction of praising God, but cannot experience His character
              cf. Isa. 45:23; Rom. 14:10,11; Phil. 2:10
    D. Degrees of punishment? - cf. Matt. 11:21-24

III. Purpose of "hell"

     A. Retributive penalty
          1. For unbelief in Jesus
          2. For all that is contrary to character of God
          3. Hopelessness
          4. No change for the better
    B. Rehabilitation, reclamation
          1. Hope for getting out - "graduate"
          2. Universalism

IV. Entrance into "hell"

    A. Immediately at death?
    B. After last judgment?

V. Duration of "hell"

    A. Limited duration
         1. Universalism
         2. Annihilationism - termination, cessation
             a. destruction - Ps. 37:10,20; Obad. 15,16; Mal. 4:1-3; Matt. 7:13; 10:28; Rom. 9:22;
                 Phil. 3:19; I Thess. 5:3; II Thess. 1:9; I Tim. 6:9; II Pet. 2:3; Rev. 17:8
             b. death - Jude 12; Rev. 2:11; 20:14; 21:8
             c. consuming fire - Matt. 13:30,40; Jn. 15:6; Heb. 10:27; 12:29; James 5:3;
                 Rev. 17:16
    B. Unending, eternal, everlasting
         1. eternal fire - Matt. 3:12; 18:8; 25:41; Mk. 9:43,44,47,48; Jude 7; Rev. 14:4
         2. eternal punishment - II Thess 1:9
         3. everlasting - Dan. 12:2
         4. forever - Jude 13

VI. Derivative identification and destiny as basis for going to "hell"

    A. Continuity and perpetuity of content (substantive)
         1. Identified with devil - Jn. 8:44; Acts 26:18; Eph. 2:2; I Jn. 3:10
         2. United with death - Eph. 2:1,4; Heb. 2:14; Rev. 20:14,15
         3. Destiny of devil - Matt. 25:41
    B. Discontinuity of context (locative)
         1. Presently "god of this world" - Jn. 12:31; 14:30; 16:11; II Cor. 4:4; I John 4:4
         2. Shall be cast into hell - Matt. 25:41; Rev. 20:10